--- title: "Teeth" url: "https://help.maxon.net/c4d/en-us/Content/html/OSPLINECOGWHEEL-ID_GROUP_TEETH.html" section_path: "Create Menu > Spline > Cogwheel Object > Root Radius, Addendum Radius, Pitch Radius, Diametral Pitch, Dedendum, Pressure Angle" element_id: "OSPLINECOGWHEEL" group_id: "ID_GROUP_TEETH" description: "This tab contains several settings that vary depending on the Type of teeth selected." --- ## Teeth This tab contains several settings that vary depending on the **Type** of teeth selected. ### Type Parameter ID: `PRIM_COGWHEEL_TOOTH_TYPE` ![Image: 038019.jpg](https://help.maxon.net/c4d/en-us/Content/Resources/Images/038019.jpg)\ From left to right, **Type** set to None, Involute, Ratchet, Flat. You can select from: - **None**: Only the Inlay or milling groove will be displayed. - **Involute**: An actual cogwheel. - **Ratchet**: A ratchet/saw tooth profile. - **Flat**: A radial profile. Please note the following for the Involute type: This is the most important type for mechanical engineering. The teeth are formed so that only a single point of contact exists at which perpendicular force will be exerted. The cogwheel teeth have a unique shape from which many of the following are mutually dependent. For example, if one of the Radius values is modified, numerous other settings will automatically be modified to ensure that the teeth maintain an involuted shape. > **Tip:** Tip:If two cogwheels are combined (paired), the **Module**, **Teeth** and **Pressure Angle** settings must be identical for both cogwheels! Otherwise they cannot function together.\ > Good to know for animation: The cogwheel rotation angles’ behavior is proportional to the tooth(count) ratio of both cogwheels. The following formula is used to calculate the exact distance between the cogwheels’ axes: Axis distance = (tooth count a + tooth count b) / 2 \* Module.\ > This is given when both cogwheels’ pitch circles (the center orange circles) touch (refer to the following Project file).\ > [![Image: halvar.png](https://help.maxon.net/c4d/en-us/Content/Resources/Images/halvar.png)](https://help.maxon.net/c4d/en-us/Content/Resources/Scenes/038024.c4d) ### Teeth Parameter ID: `PRIM_COGWHEEL_TEETH2` · Range: [5..2000] This value defines the total number of cogwheel teeth. Note that modifying this value will cause the radius of the teeth to change accordingly. Enable the **Lock Radius** option to prevent this from happening. ### Lock Radius Parameter ID: `PRIM_COGWHEEL_LOCK_RADIUS_FOR_TEETH` If this option is disabled, the various Radius settings (see below) will be adjusted automatically depending on the **Teeth** value defined; contrary to the size of the cogwheel itself, the size of the teeth will remain constant. If this option is enabled, the size of the teeth will be more-or-less maintained and the shape and the cogwheel size and shape will change, depending on the **Teeth** value defined. However, the shape of the involute cogwheel will no longer be technically correct because the shape of the teeth will change. ### Orientation Parameter ID: `PRIM_COGWHEEL_TEETH_ORIENTATION` · Range: [-∞..+∞°] Use this value to rotate the teeth independent of the rest of the cogwheel. This can, for example, be useful for fine-tuning the teeth to show two interlocked teeth. ### Undercut Parameter ID: `PRIM_COGWHEEL_UNDERCUT` When producing cogwheels in the real world, small regions are unintentionally cut away. This becomes more pronounced the fewer teech a cogwheel has and the small er the pitch radius will be. If the **Undercut** option is enabled, this effect will be taken into consideration. # Root Radius, Addendum Radius, Pitch Radius, Diametral Pitch, Dedendum, Pressure Angle ![Image: 038023.jpg](https://help.maxon.net/c4d/en-us/Content/Resources/Images/038023.jpg)\ Various cogwheel settings These settings, most of which are mutually dependent on one another and are modified automatically (see above), are used to define the crucial cogwheel properties. ### Root Radius Parameter ID: `PRIM_COGWHEEL_ROOT_RADIUS` · Range: [0..+∞m] This defines the radius at the foot of each tooth (see image). This value can also be modified interactively in the Viewport using the handles. ### Pitch Radius Parameter ID: `PRIM_COGWHEEL_PITCH_RADIUS` · Range: [0..+∞m] This value defines the radial distance between a point on one tooth and the corresponding point on an adjacent tooth. This is a crucial radius used to calculate the force and torque for a cogwheel (see image). ### Addendum Radius Parameter ID: `PRIM_COGWHEEL_ADDENDUM_RADIUS` · Range: [0..+∞m] This value defines the distance from the pitch surface to the outermost point of the tooth. This value can also be modified interactively in the Viewport using the handles. ### Module Parameter ID: `PRIM_COGWHEEL_MODULE` · Range: [0..+∞m] This value characterizes the tooth size and is a result of the **Pitch Radius** and **Teeth** values: Module = 2 \* Pitch Radius / Teeth. This is an important indicator primarily in European countries. ### Diametral Pitch Parameter ID: `PRIM_COGWHEEL_DIAMETRAL_PITCH` · Range: [0.00..+∞] This value defines the radial distance between two teeth. This parameter is a reciprocal value of the **Module** value, i.e.,; Diametral Pitch = Teeth / (2 \* Pitch Radius). This indicator is widely used in the USA, for example. ### Dedendum Parameter ID: `PRIM_COGWHEEL_DEDENDUM` · Range: [0..+∞m] This value represents the difference between the **Diametral Pitch** and the **Root Radius** values. ### Pressure Angle Parameter ID: `PRIM_COGWHEEL_PRESSURE_ANGLE` · Range: [0..30°] This value defines the angle of the tooth's side. This is a typical property of teeth that pertains to the perpendicular exertion of force on a tooth. This value is most often 20° in the field of mechanical engineering. ### Radial Ratio Parameter ID: `PRIM_COGWHEEL_RADIAL_RATIO` · Range: [0.00..20.00] ![Image: 038022.jpg](https://help.maxon.net/c4d/en-us/Content/Resources/Images/038022.jpg)\ Various values for ratchet ratios. This and the following settings only apply to the Ratchet **Type**. It's a good idea to play around with these settings to see which interesting shapes can be created (in particular those with few teeth …). The **Radial Ratio** value defines the degree of curvature for the backside of the teeth. The smaller the value, the rounder the tooth side will be. Larger values produce correspondingly more linear sides. ### Witness Ratio Parameter ID: `PRIM_COGWHEEL_WITNESS_RATIO` · Range: [0..100%] This value defines the degree of rounding for the traverse edge at the tooth's tip - as is commonly seen on saw blades. A value of 0 will produce a sharp point and larger values will produce correspondingly longer edges. ### Undercut Ratio Parameter ID: `PRIM_COGWHEEL_UNDERCUT_RATIO` · Range: [0..100%] This value can be used to move the base corner of the teeth back. The larger the value, the farther back this point will be moved.