# 3D Modeling - ZBrush

> Part of the documentation index for ZBrush (https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/llms.txt). Section path: User Guide > 3D Modeling. 279 page(s) in this section.

Overview page:

- [3D Modeling](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/3d-modeling.html.md): To find out about how to create 3D Models in ZBrush explore the pages below:

## Pages

This section is large: smaller subsections are listed here in full, larger ones link to a listing file of their own.

- [Modeling Basics](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/modeling-basics.html.md): This section is about the basics of modeling in ZBrush. Explore the pages below to learn all you need to know about working with models in ZBrush.
  - [What is a Polymesh?](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/what-is-a-polymesh/what-is-a-polymesh.html.md): A polymesh is a 3D model that is composed of polygons. A polygon is a shape that is enclosed by a number of points connected by edges. The polygons are …
  - [Navigation (Modeling Basics)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/navigation/navigation.html.md): For modeling and sculpting, ZBrush has two alternate methods of navigation.
    - [3DConnexion devices](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/navigation/3dconnexion-devices/3dconnexion-devices.html.md): Navigate in a way that frees you from a keyboard. Using the line of 3D Connexion mice gives you the ability to navigate with just a slight touch of the …
  - [Cameras](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/perspective/perspective.html.md): With the Universal Camera, artists can now precisely match the focal length of imported photographs and 3D renders. It is also now possible to export or …
    - [Universal Camera](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/perspective/universal-camera/universal-camera.html.md): An accurate camera which can be imported from or exported to other 3D applications.
    - [Classic Camera](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/perspective/classic-camera/classic-camera.html.md): The Classic Camera is the original ZBrush camera, the only camera available before ZBrush 2019. When working with 3D models, ZBrush has three classic …
  - [CamView](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/camview/camview.html.md): CamView creates a small 3D figure and links it with whatever model is currently in Edit mode in the ZBrush canvas. This small figure rotates along with …
  - [Thumbnail](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/thumbnail/thumbnail.html.md): Visualize a model’s thumbnail or silhouette in the ZBrush canvas
  - [Creating Meshes](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/creating-meshes.html.md): ZBrush gives you many different methods by which to create a base mesh that can then be used as the starting point of your 3D illustration. You’ll find …
    - [Primitives](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/primitives/primitives.html.md): ZBrush includes several parametric primitives which, when combined with masking and initializing options, allow you to create thousands of different …
    - [Polymeshes](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/polymeshes/polymeshes.html.md): The simplest way to start modeling with a polymesh is to use the QuickMesh feature.
    - [ShadowBox](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/shadowbox/shadowbox.html.md): ShadowBox is a tool which is able to create all kinds of 3D primitives based on the projection of shadows toward a center volume. Use masks to paint the …
    - [Mesh Extract](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/mesh-extract/mesh-extract.html.md): Mesh extraction is a fast and powerful way to create new parts to your model. Using existing geometry you can quickly and easily create a jacket, a …
    - [ZModeler](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/zmodeler.html.md): The ZModeler is a new brush containing a set of polygonal modeling functions that will allow you to quickly generate a wide variety of shapes — from …
      - [Introduction (ZModeler)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/introduction/introduction.html.md): To access the ZModeler toolset, you need to first select the ZModeler brush in the Brush palette (or pop-up). You can do this quickly by typing the letter …
      - [Actions and Targets](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/actions-and-targets/actions-and-targets.html.md): The ZModeler brush is a whole modeling universe by itself. It contains a vast array of functions that can be applied to multiple Targets, resulting in …
      - [Options and Modifiers](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/options-and-modifiers/options-and-modifiers.html.md): In association with the Actions and Targets there are additional options and modifiers able to be applied to the selected Action. Not all Actions have …
      - [ZModeler Presets](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/zmodeler%20presets/zmodeler-presets.html.md): ZModeler's My Presets streamline your modeling workflow by providing a customizable menu for creating and managing your own ZModeler configurations.
      - [Edge Selector Widget](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/edge-selector-widget/edge-selector-widget.html.md): Some Actions require directional information to guide ZBrush to results you are look­ing for. When hovering over the polygons or points of your model you …
      - [The Do Nothing Action](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/the-do-nothing-action/the-do-nothing-action.html.md): Each point, edge, polygon and curve menu has a Do Nothing Action. This Action prevents use of its associated element when hovering over the mesh. This is …
      - [Working With PolyGroups](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/working-with-polygroups/working-with-polygroups.html.md): PolyGroups (which are groups of polygons identified by a specific color) are an es­sential part of the creation process with ZModeler. ZModeler has an …
      - [Replay the Action](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/replay-the-action/replay-the-action.html.md): Because some polygonal modeling Actions are repetitive by nature, the ZModeler brush stores all settings and values used in your last Action. You can then …
      - [Masking (ZModeler)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/masking/masking.html.md): Like all other ZBrush functions, the ZModeler brush is affected by any masks on your model. Additionally, you can temporarily change to the current Mask …
      - [Actions](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/zmodeler-actions/zmodeler-actions.html.md)
        - [Edge Actions (Actions)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/zmodeler-actions/edge-actions/edge-actions.html.md): This section explains the different ZModeler Actions that can be applied to the edges of a model. To access the Edge menu, simply hover over an edge and …
        - [Polygon Actions (Actions)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/zmodeler-actions/polygon-actions/polygon-actions.html.md): You will find below the different Actions that can be applied to the polygons of a model using the ZModeler brush. The ZModeler brush is context …
        - [Point Actions (Actions)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/zmodeler-actions/point-actions/point-actions.html.md): In this section we will cover the different Actions that can be applied to the points of a model. To access the point menu when using the ZModeler brush …
        - [Curve Actions (Actions)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/zmodeler-actions/curve-actions/curve-actions.html.md): Listed here are Actions that affect curves which have been created on a model. The ZModeler brush is context sensitive: hovering over a curve and either …
      - [Targets](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/targets/targets.html.md): The ZModeler brush operates by performing Actions on Target polygons, points, edges or curves in a PolyMesh3D such object. In other words, the Action …
        - [Curve Targets](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/targets/curve-targets/curve-targets.html.md): Below is a list of Targets which are specifically available to Actions that affect the curves of your model..
        - [Edge Targets](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/targets/edge-targets/edge-targets.html.md): Below is a list of Targets which are specifically available to Actions that affect the edges of your model. An edge is the line between two connected …
        - [EdgeLoop or PolyLoop](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/targets/edgeloop-or-polyloop/edgeloop-or-polyloop.html.md): This documentation will often refer to polyloops and edgeloops. While the descriptions of these structures are similar, they are not exactly the same and …
        - [Point Targets](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/targets/point-targets/point-targets.html.md): Below is a list of Targets which are specifically available to Actions that affect the points of your model.
        - [Polygon Targets](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/targets/polygon-targets/polygon-targets.html.md): Below is a list of Targets which are specifically available to Actions that affect the polygons of your model. Polygons are the planes between points …
      - [Single-sided Meshes](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/single-sided-meshes/single-sided-meshes.html.md): Two major additions have been made to ZModeler in ZBrush 2021: Edge Extrude for creating single-sided meshes and re-topology. And Inset Equidistant for …
      - [Slice Mesh](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/slice-mesh/slice-mesh.html.md): Don’t let the walls of your topology restrict your creative process. Slice your topology along an edge, face or point to control the direction in which …
      - [PolyGroup Fill](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/polygroup-fill/polygroup-fill.html.md): The PolyGroup Fill target allows a new PolyGroup to be created within set boundaries. To specify the type of boundary, select from the modifiers.
      - [Crease Shortest Path](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zmodeler/crease-shortest-path/crease-shortest-path.html.md): The Crease >> Shortest Path target will create a crease using the shortest path between two clicked points. Click the starting point where you want the …
    - [Quick Mesh](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/quick-mesh/quick-mesh.html.md): To more readily jump right into your creation process, ZBrush offers the Tool>Initialize sub-palette, with settings that can be applied to any PolyMesh3D …
    - [Live Boolean](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/live-boolean/live-boolean.html.md): An example of a complex model produced with the Boolean operationsModel courtesy of Joseph Drust
      - [Important Information](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/live-boolean/important-information/important-information.html.md): ZBrush is well known for its ability to work visually without considering the underlying topology of 3D meshes. This is particularly true with core …
      - [Boolean Process](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/live-boolean/boolean-process/boolean-process.html.md): The process of creating your model using Boolean operations is easy and works in a similar way to the DynaMesh Boolean and Remesh All features. To …
      - [Data Preservation](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/live-boolean/data-preservation/data-preservation.html.md): The Boolean operation can preserve some of the data included in the original Sub­Tools and will propagate that to the resulting SubTool(s). Some data …
      - [Live Boolean Mode](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/live-boolean/live-boolean-mode/live-boolean-mode.html.md): Boolean operations are mostly composed of multiple models flagged for addition or subtraction mode, stacked on top of each other in the SubTool list …
      - [Basic Process](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/live-boolean/basic-process/basic-process.html.md): This process will explain all the steps for a simple and basic creation using the Bool­ean features.
      - [Advanced Process](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/live-boolean/advanced-process/advanced-process.html.md): This advanced process will be very like the basic one, except that it will introduce the usage of Start groups. The goal is to generate multiple SubTools …
      - [Performance (Live Boolean)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/live-boolean/performance/performance.html.md): The Boolean operations are optimized to work on all types of model resolutions, from low polygonal models to high density meshes. However, depending on …
      - [Warning Messages](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/live-boolean/warning-messages/warning-messages.html.md): When executing the Boolean operation through the Make Boolean Mesh command, you may see warning or information messages at the end of the process. As …
      - [Main Functions](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/live-boolean/main-functions/main-functions.html.md): The creation of a Boolean operation is split in two parts, the Live Boolean mode and the final result. Find below the list of functions used for these two …
      - [Geometry Analysis](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/live-boolean/geometry-analysis/geometry-analysis.html.md): The functions below are dedicated to the analysis of your model prior the Boolean operation (Show Coplanar) or if errors were found after the Boolean …
      - [Preferences (Live Boolean)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/live-boolean/preferences/preferences.html.md): The Boolean preferences, found in Preferences >> Union Mesh are mainly settings to improve the way that ZBrush cleans the meshes created by the Boolean …
    - [Snapshot3D](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/snapshot3d/snapshot3d.html.md): SpotLight v1.0 gave artists the capability to project a texture’s color information onto a sculpted surface as PolyPaint. It also allowed the same texture …
      - [Concept](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/snapshot3d/concept/concept.html.md): Snapshot3D in SpotLight takes any alpha loaded from the Alpha palette or a previously saved SpotLight preset and uses extrusion to generate a 3D model …
      - [Process](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/snapshot3d/process/process.html.md): To generate a mesh with Snapshot3D, you need to work with alphas — the grayscale images used in brushes — by loading them into SpotLight. Any alpha image …
      - [Image Res](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/snapshot3d/image-res/image-res.html.md): We recommend building a library of alphas that you can use in Snapshot3D. Even a series of simple shapes will be able to produce complex model when …
      - [A Simple Shape](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/snapshot3d/a-simple-shape/a-simple-shape.html.md): Follow these steps to quickly create a basic shape which could have taken much longer to produce by other methods:
      - [A Complex Alpha](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/snapshot3d/a-complex-alpha/a-complex-alpha.html.md): In this step by step we will see how we can combine and mix several alphas to create a complex shape in one click. 1. You can start from the previous …
      - [Painting Alphas](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/snapshot3d/painting-alphas/painting-alphas.html.md): Even if most functions used with Snapshot3D will be Snapshot and Union, keep in mind that most of the SpotLight 1.0 functions can be used on alphas.
      - [Snap Points](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/snapshot3d/snap-points/snap-points.html.md): When manipulating the SpotLight Gizmo you will notice tiny dots not only on the alpha or texture but also on the selected SubTool. These dots will only …
      - [Saving Presets](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/snapshot3d/saving-presets/saving-presets.html.md): Because SpotLight has become a full creation tool, it is recommended to build your own library of alphas that you will be able to use and reuse in your …
      - [Spotlight Dial](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/snapshot3d/spotlight-dial/spotlight-dial.html.md): Listed below are all the Spotlight functions. Some of these relate to texture painting as introduced in Spotlight 1.0. You can read more about this on the …
    - [Remeshing](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/remeshing/remeshing.html.md): Remeshing is a way to create a new single mesh by combining several existing objects. These objects can be combined in different ways to give different …
      - [Remesh SubTools](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/remeshing/remesh-subtools/remesh-subtools.html.md): At the top, the original SubTools, below, the result of different Remeshes
    - [DynaMesh](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/dynamesh/dynamesh.html.md): DynaMesh is ZBrush’s newest base mesh generation tool. DynaMesh is a perfect solution for free-form sculpting because it removes all need for focusing on …
      - [Methods (DynaMesh)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/dynamesh/methods/methods.html.md): Keep in mind that the DynaMesh creation is not an automatic process. You will need to update your geometry when you feel that you need it. To perform this …
      - [Options (DynaMesh)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/dynamesh/options/options.html.md): The geometry resolution generated by DynaMesh is limited to a cube of 2048×2048 (about 4 million polygons per cube face and approximately 24 million …
      - [with SubTools (DynaMesh)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/dynamesh/with-subtools/with-subtools.html.md): Combining objects when updating a DynaMesh can also be done through the SubTool sub-palette, in a similar way to the Remesh All function. When doing this …
      - [PolyGroups (DynaMesh)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/dynamesh/polygroups/polygroups.html.md): From ZBrush 4R6, DynaMesh supports maintaining the model’s existing PolyGroups whenever a re-mesh operation is performed. This also includes the groups …
      - [Partial Mesh (DynaMesh)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/dynamesh/partial-mesh/partial-mesh.html.md): From ZBrush 4R6 it is possible to use DynaMesh with a model that has been partially hidden.
    - [Sculptris Pro (Creating Meshes)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/sculptris-pro/sculptris-pro.html.md): Sculptris Pro is a global editing mode for ZBrush that provides unique behavior for multiple sculpting and painting brushes. When Sculptris Pro is …
      - [Using Sculptris Pro](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/sculptris-pro/using-sculptris-pro/using-sculptris-pro.html.md): The Sculptris Pro mode is as easy to use as it is versatile. Harnessing its full poten­tial only requires you to keep a few items in mind. Sculptris Pro …
      - [Global Settings](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/sculptris-pro/global-settings/global-settings.html.md): Found in the Stroke palette under a sub-palette of the same name Sculptris Pro of­fers a few options that are important to understand if you want the best …
    - [ZSpheres](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zspheres/zspheres.html.md): ZSpheres are an advanced ZBrush tool that permit ‘sketching out’ a 3D model (particularly an organic one) quickly and easily. Once the model has been …
      - [Basic Controls](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zspheres/basic-controls/basic-controls.html.md): To start a ZSphere model, select the zsphere tool from the Tool palette – it’s the two-toned red ball – and draw it on the canvas. Enter Edit mode by …
        - [Moving (Basic Controls)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zspheres/basic-controls/moving/moving.html.md): In Move mode, click and drag a zsphere to reposition it. Its gray link-spheres will extend as necessary.
        - [Rotating (Basic Controls)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zspheres/basic-controls/rotating/rotating.html.md): Click and drag a child zsphere to rotate it about its parent.
        - [Scaling (Basic Controls)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zspheres/basic-controls/scaling/scaling.html.md): Clicking and dragging a gray link-sphere resizes the whole chain.
      - [Adaptive Skin (ZSpheres)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zspheres/adaptive-skin/adaptive-skin.html.md): Adaptive skinning is one of the two methods by which ZSphere models can be skinned. It analyzes the structure of the ZSphere model, i.e. how child …
      - [Basic Humanoid](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zspheres/basic-humanoid/basic-humanoid.html.md): This method uses the default settings to build a basic humanoid.
      - [Advanced Techniques (ZSpheres)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zspheres/advanced-techniques/advanced-techniques.html.md): It is possible to distort the shape of a zsphere mesh by using Magnet-Spheres. This technique can be very useful for creating wings and similar shapes or …
      - [with SubTools (ZSpheres)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zspheres/with-subtools/with-subtools.html.md)
    - [ZSketch (Creating Meshes)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zsketch/zsketch.html.md): ZSketch is a way of creating meshes which allows you draw freely in 3D space, building your model in exactly the way you want, without limiting you to any …
      - [Methods (ZSketch)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zsketch/methods/methods.html.md): This method is based on a ZSphere skeleton. The first step will be to create a traditional ZSphere model. When this structure is finished, the strip of …
      - [Brushes](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zsketch/brushes/brushes.html.md): ZBrush offers several brushes which will produce a different result for your ZSketch. Some of them are basically the same but have different settings such …
      - [Tips and Tricks (ZSketch)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zsketch/tips-and-tricks/tips-and-tricks.html.md): ZSketches can be freely deformed, and in three different ways:
      - [Unified Skin (ZSketch)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/zsketch/unified-skin/unified-skin.html.md): The Unified Skin function can create smooth polygroups with edge looping around designated parts of your mesh. The features and settings will improve the …
    - [Mannequins](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/mannequins/mannequins.html.md): ZBrush provides artists with faster ways to realise their ideas, and one of the best is Mannequins.
      - [ZeeZoo](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/creating-meshes/mannequins/zeezoo/zeezoo.html.md): ZeeZoo is a selection of mannequins featuring animals and birds, totalling 100 projects! Specially designed to help you get started with a project, you …
  - [SubTools](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/subtools/subtools.html.md): SubTools are separate polygon objects. Each SubTool can be equal to the maximum number of polygons your system can handle. If your system handles 8 …
    - [SubTool Folders](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/subtools/subtool-folders/subtool-folders.html.md): Organize your models, putting their parts where it makes sense to YOU
  - [Stager](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/stager/stager.html.md): With the Stager feature, you can store a SubTool’s Home position, scale and orientation in world space. A second Target stage is stored for the posed …
  - [Align & Distribute](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/align-distribute/align-distribute.html.md): Instantly redistribute multiple SubTools, or the geometry within a single SubTool with a single button press. Similar to alignment features found in other …
  - [Subdivision Levels](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/subdivision-levels/subdivision-levels.html.md): Subdivision is probably familiar to most users of modeling programs; it increases the polygon count of a model by replacing each polygon with multiple …
    - [HD Geometry](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/subdivision-levels/hd-geometry/hd-geometry.html.md): HD Geometry is the next evolution in Sculpting. HD Geometry allows you to divide your model to 1 billion polygons while only taxing your system with the …
  - [Dynamic Subdivision](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/dynamic-subdivision/dynamic-subdivision.html.md): The Dynamic Subdivision system contains alternative functions to ZBrush’s Classic Subdivision Surface mode, allowing you to apply dynamic smoothing to …
    - [Dynamic v Classic](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/dynamic-subdivision/dynamic-v-classic/dynamic-v-classic.html.md): Using Dynamic Smooth Subdivision mode will generate a visual result that is exactly the same as a classically subdivided mesh, except that only the base …
    - [Workflow (Dynamic Subdivision)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/dynamic-subdivision/workflow/workflow.html.md): To enable Dynamic Subdivision on a model, you need to press the Tool >> Geometry >> Dynamic Subdiv >> Dynamic button. You will not immediately see a …
    - [Hotkeys (Dynamic Subdivision)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/dynamic-subdivision/hotkeys/hotkeys.html.md): Dynamic Subdivision and Classic Subdivision share some common hotkeys. These can be a huge time saver when disabling and enabling Subdivisions. Remember …
    - [Saving Projects](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/dynamic-subdivision/saving-projects/saving-projects.html.md): Any Dynamic Subdivision settings applied to the current Tool or SubTool will be saved within either Project (ZPR) or Tool (ZTL) files. After saving and …
    - [Slider Priority](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/dynamic-subdivision/slider-priority/slider-priority.html.md): Because it is possible to combine Dynamic Subdivision modes, it is important to keep in mind that ZBrush has a specific order in which it stacks them …
    - [Settings](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/dynamic-subdivision/settings/settings.html.md): Changing the different parameters for Dynamic Subdivision can drastically change both the visual appearance of your model and the performance of ZBrush …
    - [Dynamic Thickness](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/dynamic-subdivision/dynamic-thickness/dynamic-thickness.html.md): This feature allows Dynamic Subdivision to render single-sided meshes as if they have thickness. This thickness can be added when needed and adjusted at …
    - [MicroPoly](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/dynamic-subdivision/micropoly/micropoly.html.md): Added realism for cloth and fabrics by tiling meshes within Dynamic Subdivision renders
  - [Masking (Modeling Basics)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/masking/masking.html.md): A mask is an area of your model that is ‘shielded’ from sculpting, painting, etc. Masks only apply when in 3D Edit mode. (See ZBrush Modes.)
    - [Mask by PolyPaint](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/masking/mask-by-polypaint/mask-by-polypaint.html.md): Mask by PolyPaint offers the ability to isolate areas for color correction by use of eight Mask by Color channels.
    - [Masking Additions](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/masking/masking-additions/masking-additions.html.md): BoostMask will refine an existing mask so that it increases in intensity. The mask does not increase in size but any partially masked points are shifted …
    - [Mask Region](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/masking/mask-region/mask-region.html.md): The new Mask Region feature allows you to quickly draw a mask outline and ZBrush will automatically fill the mask at the press of a button. Complex masks …
  - [Polygroups (Modeling Basics)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/polygroups/polygroups.html.md): Polygroups allow you to organize the mesh with visual grouping information. Polygroups are one way to organize your mesh. Another way is to use Subtools …
    - [Slice brushes](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/polygroups/slice-curve/slice-curve.html.md): The Slice brushes are not a brushes in the traditional sense but rather are similar to the mask, smooth and selection brushes in how you access it. First …
    - [Polygrouping Additions](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/polygroups/polygrouping-additions/polygrouping-additions.html.md): The ReGroupVisible option assigns new Polygroup IDs to the existing Polygroups in your visible mesh. This can be especially useful when you want to work …
    - [QuickPolygroup Brush](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/polygroups/quick-polygroup-brush/quick-polygroup-brush.html.md): The QuickPolygroup brush uses the Draw Size to control the surface area to create a polygroup, while employing an intelligent system that evaluates …
  - [Mesh Visibility](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/mesh-visibility/mesh-visibility.html.md): Selecting part of the mesh. On the left: the Lasso is used to select the head. On the right: the result.
  - [Deformations](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/deformations/deformations.html.md): Whenever a 3D tool is selected, the Tool > Deformation sub-palette becomes available. This can be used to apply deformations of many types (bending …
  - [Transpose (Modeling Basics)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/transpose/transpose.html.md): Transpose can be used to work with your model in various ways. To read about the main Transpose controls see the Posing Your Model >Transpose page.
    - [Transpose Units (Transpose)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/transpose/transpose-units/transpose-units.html.md): TransPose can display graduations on its line so that it can be used for measurements. The graduations are enabled by default and can be changed in the …
  - [Gizmo 3D (Modeling Basics)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/gizmo-3d/gizmo-3d.html.md): Gizmo 3D: You can Move, Scale, Rotate, use special deformers and insert parametric primitives.
    - [Basic Operations](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/gizmo-3d/basic-operations/basic-operations.html.md): To enable the Gizmo 3D, you need to activate Move, Scale or Rotate mode first, either through the Transform palette or above the canvas in the default …
    - [Topology Masking](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/gizmo-3d/topology-masking/topology-masking.html.md): As with TransPose, the Gizmo 3D affects only non-masked areas. By applying a mask to part of your SubTool, you will deform only the unmasked parts when …
    - [Extra Operations](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/gizmo-3d/extra-operations/extra-operations.html.md): The Gizmo 3D inherits most of the core functions from TransPose. Using these can drastically improve your productivity.
    - [Operators](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/gizmo-3d/operators/operators.html.md): The Gizmo 3D includes a variety of operators to modify its functions. They can do things like relocate the position and orientation of the manipulator or …
    - [Multiple SubTools](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/gizmo-3d/multiple-subtools/multiple-subtools.html.md): The Gizmo 3D allows you to apply a move, scale or rotate transformation to multiple SubTools at once. This multiple SubTool manipulation is only possible …
    - [Parametric Meshes](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/gizmo-3d/parametric-meshes/parametric-meshes.html.md): The Gizmo 3D includes multiple polygonal primitives which are intended to be quick­ly inserted in the current SubTool. These primitives can have their …
    - [Deformers](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/gizmo-3d/deformers/deformers.html.md): The Deformer system included in the Gizmo 3D is a series of tools which can apply a global or local deformation to your current SubTool, depending on …
      - [List of Deformers](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/gizmo-3d/deformers/list-of-deformers/list-of-deformers.html.md): Find below the list of the deformers found in the Gizmo 3D. Some of them simply apply a deformation to the current model while others may apply topology …
  - [Fade Opacity](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/modeling-basics/fade-opacity/fade-opacity.html.md): Adjust the strength of color displayed on the model by use of the Fade Opacity slider.
- [Selection Sets](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/selection-sets/selection-sets.html.md): Selection Sets store several versions of a SubTool's Polygroups, masks, polypaint, UVs, and morph targets. Each version is a set, much like a preset …
- [Reference Images](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/reference-images/reference-images.html.md): Most people like to use images for reference while they work. Sometimes the images are just to provide inspiration, and sometimes they are to work from …
  - [Grids](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/reference-images/grids/grids.html.md): The Floor section of the Grid options, located in the Draw palette allows you to load reference images for the working planes you want to use. There are …
  - [Spotlight (Reference Images)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/reference-images/spotlight/spotlight.html.md): Spotlight can be used to keep any number of reference images on screen while you sculpt or paint. You can simply position the images around your work …
  - [Image Plane (Reference Images)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/reference-images/image-plane/image-plane.html.md): The Image Plane plugin provides a set of eight Reference Views that can be set up so that model positions match background images. The model can be made …
  - [See-through Mode](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/reference-images/see-through-mode/see-through-mode.html.md): ZBrush has a global setting which defines the transparency of the entire ZBrush application. This See-through slider, located at the top right of the …
- [Sculpting (3D Modeling)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting.html.md): Sculpting is the process of working a material such as stone or wood to change its shape. Sculpting a model in ZBrush is very similar to working with a …
  - [Sculpting Brushes](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/sculpting-brushes.html.md): There are many different brushes you can sculpt with in ZBrush. Each brush has a unique property that allows it to do something the other brushes cannot …
    - [Smooth](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/smooth/smooth.html.md): The Smooth brush smooths a surface by averaging the displacement of vertices with the displacements of neighboring vertices. This means that the ‘scale’ …
    - [Curve brushes](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/curve-brushes/curve-brushes.html.md): Uses the new Stroke > Curves functions combined with a standard sculpting brush. This makes it possible to sweep your sculpt along a precise curve.
      - [Scribe brushes](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/curve-brushes/scribe-brushes/scribe-brushes.html.md): The ScribeStandard and ScribeChisel brushes both take advantage of the Curve Sub-Steps slider. The brushes use DragDot stroke. You can adjust the …
    - [Insert Mesh](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/insert-mesh/insert-mesh.html.md): A hard edge model sculpted by the Artist Ken Toney using the Topology brush and the Insert type brushes
      - [MeshInsert Dot](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/insert-mesh/meshinsert-dot/meshinsert-dot.html.md): Mesh insertion is a convenient and easy way of adding a source mesh to a target mesh. To do this, you select a mesh to be inserted using the MeshInsert …
      - [Curve Strokes](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/insert-mesh/curve-strokes/curve-strokes.html.md): Any Insert brush (including the InsertMultiMesh brush) can be combined with Curve Mode in the Stroke Palette. This gives you the ability to drop multiple …
        - [Curves Helper](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/insert-mesh/curve-strokes/curves-helper/curves-helper.html.md): On the left, the ZSphere chain; on the right, an IMM curve brush applied to the created curve. ZBrush artist: Joseph Drust
      - [Tri Parts](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/insert-mesh/tri-parts/tri-parts.html.md): The Insert-type brushes have been enhanced with a new ability to insert copies of one mesh between two “end cap” meshes. For example, you can with a …
      - [InsertMultiMesh](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/insert-mesh/insert-multi-mesh/insert-multi-mesh.html.md): To extend your creativity when using mesh insertion with both DynaMesh and/or the model Mesh Fusion feature, you can now use brushes which contain not …
      - [Creating IMMs](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/insert-mesh/creating-imms/creating-imms.html.md): Combined with DynaMesh, insertion brushes become an incredibly powerful tool in your ZBrush repertoire. Because of this importance, you can now quickly …
    - [Mesh Viewer](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/mesh-viewer/mesh-viewer.html.md): The MeshViewer (or also named IMM Viewer) is a bar which appears above the document when a brush is selected that includes multiple content choices. The …
    - [Curve Bridge](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/curve-bridge/curve-bridge.html.md): The Curve Bridge Brush creates a polygon bridge between two drawn curves and automatically welds this bridge’s edge points to the original surface.
    - [Alphas](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/alphas/alphas.html.md): An Alpha is a grayscale intensity map. It can be used to represent intensity, masking, and similar things. For example, bump maps and displacement maps …
    - [Alpha from 3D Mesh](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/alpha-from-3d-mesh/alpha-from-3d-mesh.html.md): Alphas are 2D greyscale textures that can change the surface elevation on your sculpt in a positive or negative direction. These 2D greyscale textures can …
    - [DecoCurve Brushes](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/decocurve-brushes/decocurve-brushes.html.md): DecoCurve brushes simulate the effects from the classic 2.5D Deco tool, but as a true 3D sculpting & painting brush. These brushes use Stroke >> Curve …
    - [From Brush](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/from-brush/from-brush.html.md): Captures alphas and textures from sculpted and painted details
    - [Hatch Brushes](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/hatch-brushes/hatch-brushes.html.md): Hatch brushes offer the ability to apply sculpting strokes in a back and forth motion without picking up your cursor, but only add or subtracting in the …
    - [HistoryRecall](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/historyrecall/historyrecall.html.md): Project sculpted and painted details from one model to another by hand
    - [Move Infinite Depth](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/move-infinite-depth/move-infinite-depth.html.md): Move surfaces of the model based on its depth orientation relative to the camera
    - [No Back & Forth](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/no-back-forth/no-back-forth.html.md): Will only add or subtract while moving in the stroke’s forward direction.
    - [Xtractor Brushes](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/xtractor-brushes/xtractor-brushes.html.md): XTractor brushes give you the ability to capture surface details into an alpha to be re­used for further sculpting with XTractor or other brushes. Each …
    - [Mesh from Mask](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/mesh-from-mask/mesh-from-mask.html.md): MeshFromMask is an amazingly fast and simple mesh creation tool. Simply outline your desired shape with the masking lasso and this shape will instantly be …
    - [Curve Alpha](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/curve-alpha/curve-alpha.html.md): The new Curve Alpha brushes take any 2D alpha and extrude it along a curve as real geometry! This is ideal for quickly creating stylish strands of hair or …
    - [Vector Displacement Meshes](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/vector-displacement-meshes/vector-displacement-meshes.html.md): Alpha textures are grayscale images used with brushes to affect how they displace the surface geometry of a model. Alpha 3D represents an evolution of …
      - [Alpha 3D Brushes](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/vector-displacement-meshes/alpha3d-brushes/alpha3d-brushes.html.md): To use Alpha 3D, you must use one of these brushes: Standard, Layer, or the Chisel 3D brush. Upon selecting one of these types of brushes you will see the …
      - [Managing Brushes](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/vector-displacement-meshes/managing-brushes/managing-brushes.html.md): When you are working with an existing brush it may be necessary to add or remove 3D models, or even transfer them from one brush to another without …
      - [VDM General Advice](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/vector-displacement-meshes/vdm-general-advice/vdm-general-advice.html.md): This section contains assorted information about Alpha 3D and the associated VDM feature. These items are important to consider when you are creating or …
    - [Snake Curve](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/snake-curve/snake-curve.html.md): Discover New Shapes! The SnakeCurve brushes can be used to quickly create organic shapes
    - [Strokes](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/strokes/strokes.html.md): While sculpting polymeshes in 3D you can use 6 different types of strokes: Dots, DragRect, Freehand, Colorized Spray, Spray and DragDot. These can be used …
      - [Adjust Last](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/strokes/adjust-last/adjust-last.html.md): Rather than needing to undo your last stroke and try, try again, Adjust Last lets you tweak the last action. Use the Adjust Last slider to reduce or …
      - [Stroke Interpolate](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/strokes/stroke-interpolate/stroke-interpolate.html.md): With the Stroke Interpolation feature, you can morph a series of strokes between the last two strokes on a surface. Create striking patterns as one stroke …
      - [Curve mode](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/strokes/curve-mode/curve-mode.html.md): Curve Mode will allow you to draw a curve and then sweep your stroke along it. Depending on the selected options, the curve will be deformable and/or …
      - [Frame Mesh](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/strokes/frame-mesh/frame-mesh.html.md): Frame Mesh example – each vertex has a green circle, ready to receive a stroke from the Topology brush
    - [Lazy Mouse 2.0](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/lazy-mouse-2-0/lazy-mouse-2-0.html.md): The LazyMouse v2 is an enhanced version of the original LazyMouse, giving you accurate control of your strokes. The updates bring new creative processes …
    - [Two by Two](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/two-by-two/two-by-two.html.md): Brushes now support dual alphas and textures, allowing you to transition between the two based on the pen pressure of your stroke. Create striking blends …
    - [Brush Noise](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/sculpting-brushes/brush-noise/brush-noise.html.md): Apply any image, graphical noise or noise presets to a brush for local sculptural surface noise details. Use Brush Size or pen pressure sensitivity to …
  - [Symmetry (Sculpting)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/symmetry/symmetry.html.md): Symmetry allows you to sculpt one side of your model and have the other side update with your changes as well. There are three types of symmetry:
    - [Dynamic Symmetry](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/symmetry/dynamic-symmetry/dynamic-symmetry.html.md): Dynamic Symmetry allows you to set symmetry axes based on the Gizmo position. An enhancement to the Local Symmetry feature, you can now move, scale or …
  - [Morph Targets](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/morph-targets/morph-targets.html.md): Morph Targets are a way to store a geometry configuration so that you can recall it later. You can only create one Morph Target per SubTool at any one …
  - [3D Layers](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/3d-layers/3d-layers.html.md): 3D Layers allow for a non-linear workflow. Artists are able to work with a model at many different stages of development simultaneously. Artists can add …
  - [Project UndoHistory](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/project-undohistory/project-undohistory.html.md): Go back in time to set a restore point and project this information back into the model
  - [Surface Noise](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/surface-noise/surface-noise.html.md): With the Surface noise feature, you can apply a procedural noise to your creations, driven by simple parameters and curves for easy customization. By …
    - [NoiseMaker](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/surface-noise/noisemaker/noisemaker.html.md): The NoiseMaker plugin adds a further set of powerful noise generators to the existing Surface functions. The key difference is that NoiseMaker generates …
  - [Contrast](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/contrast/contrast.html.md): On the left, original sculpt; on the right, after Contrast applied
  - [Bas Relief](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/bas-relief/bas-relief.html.md): Create embossed surfaces in stunning detail with the new Bas Relief features in ZBrush. Pose your model as desired and create a special new alpha from …
  - [Projection Master (Sculpting)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/projection-master/projection-master.html.md): Projection Master is a unique feature of ZBrush that allows you to use all of the 2D and 2.5D brushes in sculpting, texturing, and otherwise working with …
  - [Slime Bridge](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/sculpting/slime-bridge/slime-bridge.html.md): This new feature will get your creature creations drooling! Mask one or two parts of a mesh and at the press of a button create instant slime, drool or …
- [Hard Surface](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/hard-surface/hard-surface.html.md): ZBrush has several features specially designed for hard surface or mechanical sculpting.
  - [Bevel Brushes](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/hard-surface/bevel-brushes/bevel-brushes.html.md): The Bevel brushes can be used to quickly create hard surface shapes
  - [Planar Trim Polish](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/hard-surface/planar-trim-polish/planar-trim-polish.html.md): The Planar brushes add the ability to flatten parts of your model, without creating overlapping geometry. By default, these brushes will flatten …
  - [Clip Brushes](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/hard-surface/clip-brushes/clip-brushes.html.md): The Clip Brushes are different from any other brushes as their operation is always perpendicular to the canvas. These brushes are similar to how the …
    - [Clip](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/hard-surface/clip-brushes/clip/clip.html.md): The Clip Curve uses a curve to push the polygons. By default, this is a straight line.
    - [UnClip](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/hard-surface/clip-brushes/unclip/unclip.html.md): The unclip feature will allow a quick way to add detail along an irregular surface
    - [Trim Curve](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/hard-surface/clip-brushes/trim-curve/trim-curve.html.md): The Trim Curve brushes (Trim Curve, Trim Lasso, Trim Rectangle and Trim Cir­cle) are similar to the Clip Curve brush by removing the part of the model …
    - [Knife Brushes](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/hard-surface/clip-brushes/knife-brushes/knife-brushes.html.md): KnifeCurve example – on the left, the curve; on the right, the result, turned to show the topology. Symmetry was turned on.
    - [Slice](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/hard-surface/clip-brushes/slice/slice.html.md): The Slice brushes are not brushes in the traditional sense but rather are similar to the mask, smooth and selection brushes in how you access it. First …
    - [Crease Brush](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/hard-surface/clip-brushes/crease-brush/crease-brush.html.md): The Crease brush will create a polygon slice along the drawn curve, with a crease assigned to it. This is done without adding extra PolyGroups.
  - [Panel Loops](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/hard-surface/panel-loops/panel-loops.html.md): The Panel Loops feature, located in the Tool > Geometry sub-palette converts your existing model into a set of separate surfaces (panels) with thickness …
    - [ReGroup](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/hard-surface/panel-loops/regroup/regroup.html.md): The Regroup Panels and Regroup Loops mode, located in the Tool > Geometry > Edge Loop sub-palette will apply the same PolyGroup for all new panels and/or …
  - [Delete & Align Loops](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/hard-surface/delete-align-loops/delete-align-loops.html.md): The Delete Loops function analyzes the mesh to find edge loops that are not necessarily needed to contribute to the overall shape of the mesh. It then …
  - [Clay Polish](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/hard-surface/clay-polish/clay-polish.html.md): ClayPolish is a post-process operation which alters the topological structure of your model and moves its edges based on various settings. It has the …
  - [Polish Features](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/hard-surface/polish-features/polish-features.html.md): Located in the Tool > Deformation sub-palette, these sliders evaluate the mesh’s creased edges or PolyGroups. When applied, ZBrush will polish the whole …
  - [BevelPro](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/hard-surface/bevelpro/bevelpro.html.md): BevelPro is perfect for adding fine detail beveling to hard surface models
- [Painting Your Model](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/painting-your-model/painting-your-model.html.md): Painting your model will make it even more impressive. ZBrush has a number of ways to go about it:
  - [Polypaint (Painting Your Model)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/painting-your-model/polypaint/polypaint.html.md): Polypaint allows painting on a model’s surface without first assigning a texture map. A texture map can be created at a later time, and the painted …
    - [Using Sculpting Brushes](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/painting-your-model/polypaint/using-sculpting-brushes/using-sculpting-brushes.html.md): You can use sculpting brushes to polypaint. In the Draw palette, switch off Zadd and Zsub, and switch on RGB (although remember that you can polypaint and …
    - [Painting a Head](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/painting-your-model/polypaint/painting-a-head/painting-a-head.html.md): This tutorial will show you how to get started with polypainting a model.
    - [Mirror By Posable Symmetry](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/painting-your-model/polypaint/mirror-by-posable-symmetry/mirror-by-posable-symmetry.html.md): The new Flip & Mirror by Posable Symmetry features work with Posable Symmetry to allow you to transfer areas of polypaint from one side of a topologically …
  - [Texture Maps (Painting Your Model)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/painting-your-model/texture-maps/texture-maps.html.md)
  - [Spotlight (Painting Your Model)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/painting-your-model/spotlight/spotlight.html.md): SpotLight is a projection texturing system which allows you to prepare your source texture directly in ZBrush, then paint your model with it in 3D. It is …
  - [Adjust by Color](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/painting-your-model/adjust-by-color/adjust-by-color.html.md): Adjust Colors allows you to make color adjustments based on hue, intensity, con­trast, gamma, and tint of a model’s PolyPaint assigned to the vertex …
  - [ZAppLink (Painting Your Model)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/painting-your-model/zapplink/zapplink.html.md): ZAppLink can work on different saved points of view for your model. What you paint in your image editor is then projected to the model’s PolyPaint or …
- [FiberMesh®](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/fibermesh/fibermesh.html.md): FiberMesh® is a specialized mesh generation tool. Unlike the Fiber material, FiberMesh is not a render process. Instead, FiberMesh creates real geometry …
  - [Workflow (FiberMesh®)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/fibermesh/workflow/workflow.html.md): Fibers must be generated on a mesh surface. They cannot simply be created out of empty space. Before generating your fibers, you must prepare the model …
  - [Groom brushes](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/fibermesh/groom-brushes/groom-brushes.html.md): To complement the FiberMesh feature, there is a series of Groom brushes. These brushes are dedicated to the sculpting of FiberMesh objects. These brushes …
  - [Advanced Options](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/fibermesh/advanced-options/advanced-options.html.md): This setting allows you to create curling Fibers in just a few clicks with high control over their shape. This is accomplished through two settings:
  - [Fibers UVs](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/fibermesh/fibers-uvs/fibers-uvs.html.md): Once your Fibers have been generated as a FiberMesh it is possible to generate UVs. The same UV map will be assigned to each individual Fiber, allowing …
- [MicroMesh](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/micromesh/micromesh.html.md): MicroMesh is a BPR render feature which allows you to replace a FiberMesh object’s fibers or the individual polygons of an object with another 3D model …
- [NanoMesh (3D Modeling)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/nanomesh/nanomesh.html.md): A feature of the ZModeler brush, the NanoMesh system takes the process of using ZBrush’s InsertMesh and MicroMesh features to a whole new level. The …
  - [Components](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/nanomesh/components/components.html.md): The NanoMesh system is devised from instanced geometry (called “Nanos”) that are linked to placement polygons. In order for a NanoMesh to be applied to a …
  - [Demonstration](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/nanomesh/demonstration/demonstration.html.md): With your NanoMesh brush created, the workflow is quite simple:
  - [Multiple NanoMeshes](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/nanomesh/multiple-nanomeshes/multiple-nanomeshes.html.md): To produce even more variation in your creations, you can combine multiple Nanos on the same placement polygons.
  - [Edit Mesh](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/nanomesh/edit-mesh/edit-mesh.html.md): When you have several versions of the same object in your scene it can be tedious and time-consuming when you need to update them. With the revised …
- [Array Mesh (3D Modeling)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/array-mesh/array-mesh.html.md): Array Mesh is an advanced array system in ZBrush that will allow you to create duplicate instances of geometry in varying patterns and shapes. This …
  - [Array Mesh Stages](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/array-mesh/array-mesh-stages/array-mesh-stages.html.md): An Array Mesh can be generated as a single operation or as multiple operations combined together. Each stage that is applied to the array can either reuse …
  - [Working with TransPose](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/array-mesh/working-with-transpose/working-with-transpose.html.md): Array Mesh is a function that relies heavily on parameters and sliders to generate the desired results. This process is not always artist-friendly, so …
  - [Pivot Point](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/array-mesh/pivot-point/pivot-point.html.md): The Pivot Point is a key item in Array Mesh creation because it sets the center of the operation, thus impacting how the rotation and offset values work …
  - [Array Mesh and NanoMesh](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/array-mesh/array-mesh-and-nanomesh/array-mesh-and-nanomesh.html.md): Array Mesh and NanoMesh are two functions that can work together in two different ways: Duplicating a NanoMesh with an Array Mesh or using an Array Mesh …
  - [Presets](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/array-mesh/presets/presets.html.md): The Array Mesh settings can be saved as a file on your computer to reuse at a later date or share with other artists. You can also save these files in the …
- [Cloth Simulation](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/cloth-simulation/cloth-simulation.html.md): Cloth is one of the most challenging surfaces to create in 3D. The folds and the way the cloth lies on a surface can challenge any artist’s ingenuity and …
  - [How Cloth Simulation Works](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/cloth-simulation/how-cloth-simulation-works/how-cloth-simulation-works.html.md): The simulation can be stopped, allowing interaction with the object before continuing the simulation. For example, stop the simulation by pressing …
  - [Tips and Tricks (Cloth Simulation)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/cloth-simulation/tips-and-tricks/tips-and-tricks.html.md): Storing a Morph Target will allow you to store the current surface area so that it will be maintained during the simulation. For example, load the …
  - [Cloth Brushes](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/cloth-simulation/cloth-brushes/cloth-brushes.html.md): A version of the Gizmo3D which uses cloth simulation. With this you are able to use the Gizmo3D to control what’s happening without actually running the …
  - [Dynamics functions](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/cloth-simulation/dynamics-functions/dynamics-functions.html.md): Controls the number of simulation cycles that will be used for each movement. Higher values are more accurate but can slow down the simulation. Lower …
  - [Examples](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/cloth-simulation/examples/examples.html.md): The following project files can be loaded from LightBox and are a good way of exploring cloth simulation.
- [Thick Skin](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/thick-skin/thick-skin.html.md): Thick Skin used to simulate a clay sculpture – ZBrush artist: Joseph Drust
- [Posing Your Model](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/posing-your-model/posing-your-model.html.md): When creating a 3D character model, artists often create a neutral pose (sometimes called a T-pose) where the character is standing straight with arms …
  - [Transpose (Posing Your Model)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/posing-your-model/transpose/transpose.html.md): Transpose is a ZBrush feature that allows you to quickly position, pose or deform your model. It uses three different elements:
    - [Action Line](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/posing-your-model/transpose/action-line/action-line.html.md): Note: You can tap or hold the Shift key to perform the Transpose alignment with the screen working plane, but keeping the Shift key pressed will add a 15° …
    - [Posing](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/posing-your-model/transpose/posing/posing.html.md): When Transpose is used with masked and partially masked objects, it gives you a huge amount of power in creating your scene, including the ability to …
    - [Moving (Transpose)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/posing-your-model/transpose/moving/moving.html.md): Action lines use a generalized move operation, where the vertices of a model are moved relative to a coordinate origin defined by one end of the action …
    - [Scaling (Transpose)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/posing-your-model/transpose/scaling/scaling.html.md): In addition, holding down the Alt key when scaling can be used to achieve special types of scaling:
    - [Rotating (Transpose)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/posing-your-model/transpose/rotating/rotating.html.md)
  - [Rigging (Posing Your Model)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/posing-your-model/rigging/rigging.html.md): Rigging is the process where a 3D model is given some sort of skeleton so that it can be posed. In ZBrush this is done using a ZSphere structure.
  - [Transpose Master (Posing Your Model)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/posing-your-model/transpose-master/transpose-master.html.md): Transpose Master is designed to help you pose a model that is composed of SubTools. It works by creating a low resolution combined mesh of all the …
  - [Contact (Posing Your Model)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/posing-your-model/contact/contact.html.md): The Contact feature lets you define contact points between two SubTools, so that if you pose one SubTool the second SubTool will follow along. This …
  - [Proxy Pose](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/posing-your-model/proxy-pose/proxy-pose.html.md): Use Proxy Pose to modify a model at low levels while preserving high-fidelity details.
- [Topology (3D Modeling)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/llms/user-guide/3d-modeling/topology.txt): 25 page(s); overview page: https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/topology/topology.html.md
- [Drop 3D Functions](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/drop-3d/drop-3d.html.md): The new Drop 3D function combines the technology of Sculptris Pro with the 2.5D functionality of the ZBrush canvas to produce a new workflow for enhanced …
- [Ready for Print](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/ready-for-print/ready-for-print.html.md): Introduced in ZBrush 2020 are new mesh analysis features. Explore the pages below:
  - [Draw Draft Analysis](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/ready-for-print/draw-draft-analysis/draw-draft-analysis.html.md): Draw Draft Analysis displays the draft angles of a model for mold making. Based on a chosen ‘pull direction,’ this feature displays whether the draft …
  - [PolyPaint from Thickness](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/ready-for-print/polypaint-from-thickness/polypaint-from-thickness.html.md): Evaluate distance between the outer and inner walls of a surface intended for 3D Printing and manufacturing
  - [PolyPaint from Draft](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/ready-for-print/polypaint-from-draft/polypaint-from-draft.html.md): PolyPaint from Draft generates color based on the draft angle captured by the camera
  - [Mask by Draft](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/ready-for-print/mask-by-draft/mask-by-draft.html.md): MaskByDraft uses the Draw Draft Analysis features to generate a mask based on the draft angle captured by the camera. Generating masks from draft angles …
- [Exporting Your Model](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/llms/user-guide/3d-modeling/exporting-your-model.txt): 5 page(s); overview page: https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/exporting-your-model/exporting-your-model.html.md
- [Undo History (3D Modeling)](https://help.maxon.net/zbr/en-us/Content/html/user-guide/3d-modeling/undo-history/undo-history.html.md): When using the ZBrush Project (ZPR) format, ZBrush can store almost all of your creative steps in its Undo History, allowing you to go further back into …
